Den frie kulturarv har ikke mange venner i verden

Kommentar bragt i Politiken, 15/9-2019.

Hvert år overgår vigtig dansk kulturarv til frit fælleseje. Men vi fejrer det aldrig. Ja, tør vi overhovedet tale om det?

I dansk lov har vi to meget fine principper, men det er ofte kun det ene vi taler om, mens vi går i en lidt blufærdig bue udenom det andet.

Når en borger som du eller jeg udfører et stykke kreativt arbejde, så sikrer samfundet vores ret til at bestemme over dette arbejde. Når du komponerer en popsang, skriver et digt eller redigerer en lille film sammen på din mobiltelefon så får du – med det samme og ganske automatisk – retten til at bestemme over dit “værk”.

Men kun i et vist tidsrum. Og her kommer vi til det andet princip. På et tidspunkt ophører din eneret og dit værk overgår til fællesskabet. Det placeres, om man vil, i den store fælles pulje af kulturarv som vi alle frit og ubegrænset kan bruge nøjagtigt som vi vil. Og hvilket tidspunkt er det så? Det ved vi meget præcist: Eneretten til en kreativ frembringelse bortfalder ved midnat nytårsaften i det halvfjerdsindstyvende år efter ophavsmandens død. Stedet hvor værket herefter bor har ikke et godt dansk navn, men omtales ofte som “public domain”.

At fastsætte tidspunktet er simpelt. Alt andet omkring ophavsret er kompliceret. Hvorfor 70 år? Hvad er egentlig et værk (En SMS? En krusedulle på en post-it-seddel? Et fotografi af et andet fotografi?). Hvorfor overhovedet beskytte? Og hvorfor overhovedet ophæve beskyttelsen?Det er meget svært at besvare disse spørgsmål med henvisning til alment accepterede principper. Ophavsret er en sprængfarlig blanding af idealer, mere praktiske hensyn og temmeligt tvivlsomme definitioner. Læg hertil en stor bunke penge, og du har opskriften på det man kun med en yderst pæn omskrivning kunne kalde en “intens diskussion”.

Lad mig alligevel, midt i alle disse modsatrettede idealer, prøve at forklare, hvorfor den frie, fælles kulturarv er en utroligt god ide. Lad mig også illustrere, hvordan den desværre er under løbende angreb.

Hvorfor skal kulturarven være fri?

At have en pulje af fri kulturarv har altid været en god ide. H.C. Andersens eventyr, Søren Kierkegaards tekster, Vilhelm Hammershøis malerier og Carl Nielsens symfonier er for længst overgået til fællesskabet. Altså står det enhver frit for at gendigte, at filmatisere deres værker eller udgive dem i helt nye formater. Det står også enhver skolelærer, gymnasielærer eller universitetsunderviser frit for at fremvise og anvende dem i undervisningen. Og det står enhver skoleelev frit for at inkludere gengivelser af Hammershøis, P.S. Krøyers eller Anna Anchers malerier i sine skoleopgaver. Dette har været en god ide længe. Men i en digital tidsalder bliver det særligt meningsfuldt, da almindelige menneskers mulighed for at fremstille værker og udgive dem er vokset eksponentielt. De muligheder for at publicere tekster, billeder og video som før kun var kapitalstærke mediehuse forundt er i 2019 tilgængelige for helt gennemsnitlige danske børn. Der fremsøges, videreformidles, deles og gen-anvendes simpelthen i hidtil uset grad.

Hver nytårsaften udvides puljen af frit anvendelig dansk kulturarv som med et trylleslag kl. 24. Hver gang underbygger, forstærker og forbedrer vi øjeblikkeligt dette (delvist nye) kredsløb. Og dette er ikke kun fordelagtigt for individuelle borgere. Hver gang udvides de danske kulturinstitutioners muligheder for at formidle kulturen – de bliver med andre ord bedre i stand til at udføre deres job. Kunstmuseer kan formidle deres samlinger frit, og danskerne kan dermed få nemmere adgang til kulturarven.

Men… for der er et “men”. Hvis det er så rosenrødt, hvorfor fejrer kulturpolitikere, museer og kulturglade borgere så ikke denne årlige begivenhed, mens de alligevel svinger champagneglasset? Nok fordi det (også) er et minefelt. Stærke, kommercielle kræfter trækker i den anden retning. Organiserede rettighedshavere udøver målrettet lobbyisme for at udvide ophavsretten og undgå åbenhed. En ting er vigtig at pointere her: At organisationer lobbyer for deres medlemmers interesser er absolut legitimt. Hvis man er Disney vil man gerne fortsat tjene penge på Mickey Mouse. Hvis man er sat i verden for at sikre forfattere bedst mulige indtjeningsmuligheder, så synes man næsten per definition, at ophavsretten bør være både robust og langvarig.

Problemet er ikke, at de professionelle rettighedshavere er velorganiserede. Problemet er at diskussionens “anden side”, altså brugerne og kulturformidlerne er totalt uorganiserede og endda ofte internt splittede.

Lad mig give to eksempler fra den forløbne sommer.

Det første handler om en uskøn disputs mellem den amerikanske designer Cosmo Wenman og Baltimore Museum of Art (BMA). En disputs som nåede helt til den franske regering, før den endelig blev afklaret.

I 2014 havde BMA proklameret, at de ville 3D-scanne deres eksemplar af Auguste Rodins ‘Grubleren’ og dele denne scanning med verden. Rodin døde i 1917 og ‘Grubleren’ er således uden for ophavsret.

Wenman ville gerne bruge denne scanning og spurgte derfor, tre år senere, hvor den blev af. Dette medførte en lang og ordrig email-diskussion, som endte med at BMA ikke ville frigive scanningen medmindre det parisiske Rodin-museum godkendte det. Dette startede en ny ord-krig, denne gang på tværs af Atlanten. Til sidst henviste Rodin-museet til det franske Kulturministerium og da Wenman fortsatte sit pres, afgjorde en fransk regeringsinstans til allersidst – to år efter den første email – at Rodin-museet ikke kunne undlade at udlevere deres scanninger. Det er dog endnu ikke sket. Pointen med denne historie er vel, at ikke engang kulturinstitutioner per automatik støtter fri og åben kulturarv.

Midt under Wenmans kamp om ‘Grubleren’ vedtog EU et meget omdiskuteret nyt ophavsretsdirektiv. Den komplekse lovtekst kan udlægges på mange måder, men på mange områder var den en sejr for klassiske rettighedshavere, altså film-, forlags- og musikbranchen med flere.

Ét åbenhedstiltag nåede dog med: princippet om at direkte gengivelser af ophavsretsfrie værker også selv er ophavsretsfrie. Et eksempel: Hvis jeg, uden at tilføje et kreativt element, tager et foto af et Hammershøi-maleri, så er dette foto ikke beskyttet af ophavsret. Det lyder måske beskedent, men det vil faktisk være af stor betydning for kulturformidlere og vil frigive en masse ressourcer til puljen af fri kulturarv. Dog er CEPIC, som organiserer 600 europæiske foto-agenturer, rasende. Organisationen advarer kraftigt mod dette tiltag i en pressemeddelelse, sætter “åbenhed” i tykke gåseøjne og advarer om, at det hele må skyldes lyssky lobbyvirksomhed fra amerikanske tech-giganter. En usædvanligt krigerisk og meget tvivlsom udmelding, som selvsagt har et klart formål: At skræmme alle politikere, der i disse år skal implementere det nye direktiv i national lov, væk fra åbenhedsprincippet.

Hvem diskuterer offentligt med CEPIC og ligesindede? Tja, hvis du støder på nogen, så giv mig gerne et praj.

Nej, den frie fælles kulturarv har næsten ingen venner. Men er det ikke på tide, at vi slår et slag for den kulturelle fælled? At kulturbranchen husker at fejre og støtte fri adgang til kulturen? At kulturpolitikere husker den frie kultur i deres nytårstaler? Og at vi som borgere husker at glæde os, hver gang den frit tilgængelige del af vores fælles kulturarv bliver en lille smule større?

Museums: We Have Never Been (Post)digital

Guess what: Your museum won’t have to worry about digital anymore! It’s a nice thought, but as they say, don’t quit your day-job.

Museums are starting to move beyond digital as a separate field, or at least should be. This notion (in slightly different forms) is making the rounds and is clearly striking a strong chord.

The Met, in their October 2015 blog entry “Next Steps in the Met’s Digital Evolution”, speak of preparing for a postdigital world and the need to take steps “that respond to the inevitable growth of digital-related roles and responsibilities in the organization to the point where digital is no longer something ‘special’ but a mainstream business activity”.

Kajsa Hartig of Stockholm’s Nordiska Museet in her predictions for 2016 speaks of museums moving towards a post-digital condition requiring organizational change and the need for a unified channel strategy beyond a digital/analogue divide.

This notion of the postdigital museum (or at least the term) stems from Ross Parry’s 2013 paper “The End of the Beginning: Normativity in the Postdigital Museum” in which he observes how, for certain large UK museums, digital “has become logically wired into the reasoning of the museum” (conveniently there’s a YouTube version). Indeed, Parry quotes the head of digital media at the Imperial War Museums as saying that “We do not mention digital anymore. It is taken that there will be some digital activity even if people are not quite sure what that is.”

The point, of course, is not that digital has become unimportant but that it has become unquestionably important and that institutions no longer see digital as a separate goal in itself, but rather as part of the mixed arsenal necessary to further their goals.

Now, of you’re like me, this will be sweet music to your ears.

Goodbye strange platform-centric silo projects, hello unified omni-channel approach aligned with actual institutional goals. Wonderful indeed. But what will – or should – this mean organizationally? This seems much less obvious and, at least to me, sparks two new questions: A) What are departments for? And B) Can digital skills be  gradually embedded with known museum professions or are they distinct enough to require digital professionals?

A digital department?

A common argument against a digital department is that digital is not an end-goal but rather a means to an end. This is trivially true but unfortunately makes no sense as an argument. Research is not in itself an end-goal (but a means towards increasing our understanding), education is not an end goal (but a means towards learning), communication is not an end goal (but a means towards increased knowledge of the museum, building relationships etc.), fundraising is not an end goal… oh, you get the picture.

The organizational chart of your museum is somewhat arbitrary. The departments work in somewhat different ways and employ people from somewhat different backgrounds but the actual, current split may be as much based on convention as any clean logic.

More interestingly, perhaps, most of the longing for a postdigital near-future where we won’t need to use the d-word would make an equal amount of sense when leveled against any other department. Would it be ideal if research were a “natural” part of everything we do? And what if communication were simply a core component of any project no matter who initiated it? And shouldn’t fund-raising simply be a skill that everybody employed in every activity? Of course. Everybody should know everything and work towards all goals at the same time. But only in the sense that there should be world peace and donuts shouldn’t make you fat.

In the end, the debate on whether digital should be its own department mirrors the decade old discussion on whether IT should be taught separately in schools and be a part of all other subjects. At a glance, scenario 2 sounds ideal, but many of its advocates actually change their position over time when it turns out to not really, you know, work.

For my part, I don’t think there’s any one-size-fits-all correct decision on this. And it’s probably less important than having a management (and funding body in the broadest sense) who make sensible, strategic digital development a priority.

Digital skills

Are there specific things that only the digitally trained can do or understand? Some people just seem able to do anything or pick up knowledge by themselves, so there are exceptions, but in my experience the answer is a resounding yes. There are genuine digital skills that do not come gift-wrapped to people of every profession, no matter how much they use computers.

Now, obviously programming is one such skill but that much seems generally accepted. I’m thinking here of two other competencies.

The first is User Experience Design, and more concretely user interface design. It is something that even the cleverest people without direct experience tend to get horribly wrong. Designing an interface means making 100s of tiny decisions and to get it right you need to be attuned to design trends and a constantly evolving field.

The second is data architecture: The understanding of the interrelation between data, content and representation. Understanding how these elements work together and how to leverage them for a given project is not something you learn in other professions – it’s a specifically digital “skill”.

In the end, all of this is to say that most of what we track under the heading of postdigital is a true cause for celebration. It means that museums are becoming increasingly platform agnostic and this can only be a good thing for our budgets, our sanity, and for our audiences. But just because we’d love for something to be true does not mean that it is true or that it is even fully possible. We’ll see digital being normalized and employed as part of other efforts but it will still require a continuous effort by trained professionals – just like everything else important.

We’ve got 99 problems but the museum selfie ain’t one

In 2015 the museum selfie was taken hostage and used as a cultural lightning rod. What is proper museum behaviour? The discussion is almost comically separated from reality but its very intensity makes one thing clear: Something fundamental is at stake.

Follow Danish public debate on museums? One permanent fixture of the past year was the museum selfie controversy. Mirroring an international debate, Danish news media displayed quite a bit of concern over the behaviour of museum guests and the priorities of museums as regards “user involvement”. A few examples:

Later followed by:

Having museum practice debated in national media is a fine thing indeed. But there’s something strange here as well. Excepting the personally normative criticisms of current practice in Kristeligt Dagblad (which are fully legitimate even if I heartedly disagree) the selfie “problem” is a victimless one.

None of these articles point to concrete problems nor showcase one single guest (apart from art critics) interested in voicing their discomfort.

This rhymes well with the volume of complaints that we have received at the SMK. Now, there may be letters I haven’t seen and comments at the ticket counter that I haven’t heard (and I’m not saying the sentiment cannot possibly exist), but I have a pretty decent idea of all feedback from digital channels and adding everything together across all these platforms gives a huge big… zero. Also known as “nothing”.

The SMK has received some media flak for our “selfie room” constructed as part of our Eckersberg exhibition. The room in question is a small one in which the guest may climb a small staircase to make the perspective fall into place and thus place herself “inside an Eckersberg painting”. Opposite the staircase is a mirror to observe the effect. Number of hashtags, camera pictograms and use of the words “selfie”, “photo”, and “Instagram” on the walls in total: None.

Equally interesting is the number of guests who actually do post selfies from this room. Doing my best to monitor social traffic related to the museum I have probably seen around 10 selfies from this room and certainly no more than 15 (my guess would be that the actual total posted online is far below 100). If nothing describes the room as a selfie room and almost no guests use it as a selfie room, is there then actually a selfie room? It’s not that we’re super holy and cannot see why the thing has selfie connotations, but the answer to this philosophical conundrum is surely not a given.

The perspective room
Yours truly taking a picture into a mirror. Okay, okay, it’s a selfie.

And yes, you’re right. The whole thing is a smoke-screen. Journalists (apart from, I suspect, sometimes simply finding the combination of lofty “museum” and profane “selfie stick” fascinating) are picking up on the larger debate. Or, in the case of newspaper art critics, they are simply addressing larger issues through the selfie example.

We are talking here about The Proper Way to Enjoy Art. No, that’s not actually precise. We are talking about the proper way for others to enjoy art. With the possible exception of Louisiana’s wildly successful (and visually stunning) Kusama exhibition no-one visiting SMK, the National Museum or indeed any other Danish museum can possibly have their museum experience negatively affected by other people’s mobile phones.

You may wish that these other people would approach the art without further mediation but as I often tell my daughter when she makes unreasonable demands: “Yes, and I would like a sports car delivered to my door”. Now, I’m sure that is a very annoying comment but there are many things we cannot – and have no business trying to – control.

So, let’s by all means keep the discussions going, but here’s to worrying mainly about, oh you know, real things in 2016.

See also:

Measuring Instagram reach with barely any magic

Instagram reach can be measured. At least sort of. Here’s the SMK approach.

I’ve been describing our approach to Instagram measurement in a number of emails now, so I thought I’d just outline it here.

For those of us who like to track what we’re doing the whole problem, of course, is that Instagram does not provide any behind-the-scenes metrics. Thus, while you can add up engagement numbers (numbers of likes, numbers of comments etc.) you can’t tell how many people actually saw your masterful squares.

But that’s just one problem. At SMK, we really prefer to look beyond our own channels and include what museum guests and others are sharing. We like to see ourselves as initiators or inspirators of conversation, but we certainly don’t see worthwhile activity as confined to the channels that we happen to “own”.

Here’s what we do: First of all, we try to catch the largest possible amount of Instagram activity related to the museum. For this, we use the wonderfully flexible IFTTT (If This Then That) web service. IFTTT users can set up simple “recipes” using “ingredients” in the form of web services and selected actions. For instance, a recipe can be “Send any image uploaded to a specific Facebook page to a specific email address”.
We’ve set up IFTTT to track Instagrams posted at the two locations of SMK and/or with one of the hashtags often used by museum guests.

IFTTT recipe
IFTTT recipe

When such a photo is posted, IFTTT adds it to a Google Drive spreadsheet immediately. The spreadsheet fills up with lines like this:

Instagrams in a spreadsheet
Instagrams in a spreadsheet

At this point, what we have is just lines in a spreadsheet. Getting to reach requires a combination of math and guesswork informed assumptions.

We counted the number of followers for all posters in one whole month and it turned out they had an average of 400 followers. To measure reach for any month, we thus multiply the number of photos with 400. Obviously, however, Instagramers don’t see all images in their feed – and there’ll be a certain overlap of followers – so we’ve found it appropriate to divide by three.

Now, the ‘three’ is highly arbitrary. Is three the optimal number? Almost surely not (it is a prime number, though, shouldn’t that count for something?…). You might suspect that the resulting number will be too high, but our logic is that the IFTTT does not capture everything posted from the museum (i.e. everything not geo- or hashtagged) and so we compensate upwards. Thus, the SMK formula is:

Instagram reach = Number of photos posted in a month * 400 / 3

Of course, you can adjust the 3 any way you find appropriate.

Feel free to argue, but my logic is this: Our formula is not perfect, but it is the most reasonably approximation we can currently come up with. Also, while the actual number should be asterisked with disclaimers, the math here is simple and gives an easy way to track development over time. In short, we are happy with it until more precise tools come around.

Squaring the museum: A year of Instagram at SMK

For the past year we’ve hosted a small series of Instagram events at the National Gallery of Denmark. The result is a diversity of perspectives and quite a few masterpieces.

Given enough eyes, if you’ll pardon the paraphrase, all corners of the museum can be made photogenic. A year ago this August we had our first Instagram event at SMK, giving a group an exclusive tour an hour before opening to the public (a tour where I elegantly managed to get myself locked all alone into the permanent exhibition in ways still somewhat unexplained).

And just to be clear: It is a truly great thing. Inviting visual creativity inside is a real pleasure and a great way to engage with the art in new ways (not to mention the staircases and each and every reflective surface). In this post, I’ll sketch our experience so far.

Instagramers getting ready
Instagramers getting ready (August 2014)

For our very first attempt at the genre, Instagram staff members – in town for Copenhagen Fashion Week – actually handled logistics. A group of 12 specially invited IG’ers were taken for a “empty museum” walk under the #emptysmk hashtag. Yes, we bent our hashtag model which is always SMK-something to associate ourselves just a bit with the fabulous #emptymet series of events.

Going on instinct we’d asked a guide to lead the way, speaking knowledgeably about the collection. This effort turned out to be wasted, however, as the photography mission left very little mental room for taking in art history.

Some of the photos from this first tour are shown here:

One more from #emptysmk > discovering colour with @kjwww // #artwatchers #timeforteal

A photo posted by Hannah Waldram (@hannahrw) on

Soon after the walk we were contacted by Instagramers Denmark, and with that fine association we made a similar setup (only after hours, not before). About 15 people went for an #emptysmk walk, once again with great images to show for it:

tak @igersdenmark @smkmuseum for en hyggelig fototur i #emptysmk. A photo posted by laurenlila (@laurenlila) on

  One more from the event today // #emptysmk @smkmuseum   A photo posted by Judith Stohn (@jstohn) on

 

Wanting to try our hands at something slightly more focused we held our next event at the Royal Cast Collection, which is in a separate location from the rest of the museum. As it was now winter and we had to plan for late in the day, we arranged for some simple extra lighting in the form of two strong photographer’s lamps that we could move around to try different setups. Again we worked with Instagramers Denmark to invite 15 people for an atmospheric tour of the collection. Incidentally, 15 is our preferred number as larger groups become too difficult to move around and as we like to keep the atmosphere relatively casual and be able to answer everybody’s questions. This photo shows a bit of context:

Photo event at the Royal Cast Collection
Photo event at the Royal Cast Collection

A couple of shots from the talented IG’ers:

Went on a cosy walk on SMK Cast Museum today – thanks for inviting us :) // A photo posted by Bobby Anwar (@bobbyanwar) on

Golden light

A photo posted by Oliver TCB (@olivertcb) on

Night at the museum… Thank You @igersdenmark for a fun night at The Royal Cast Collection. A photo posted by Abdellah Ihadian (@mr_babdellahn) on

For our next event we went anti-empty and invited photo folks for our grand opening of the “What’s Happening?” exhibition. The idea was to show the museum full of life and activity, which is a nice idea, but not necessarily one the IG’ers went for as you can see here:

Museum | kunst

A photo posted by Oliver TCB (@olivertcb) on

The | bag – thanks for the invite @smkmuseum ✌️ #smkmuseum #communityfirst #copenhagen

A photo posted by LittlemyCPH (@littlemycph) on

A photo posted by Oliver TCB (@olivertcb) on

But okay, you can’t always have (or plan) them all.

It’s been great seeing the museum through so many talented people’s lenses. We look forward to new adventures in square format in the time to come.

If you have any questions about our initiatives, don’t hesitate to ask.

Feel free to join our SMK photo events Facebook group.

For details, metrics and other wonderful things, see my Museums and the Web paper on The Me/Us/Them Model.